Process for separation of bastnaesite from weathered bastnaesite barite fluorite ores

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a process for the recovery of bastnaesite and other minerals containing rate earth oxide from complex, weathered ores containing barite, borite, fluorites and/or barite, fluorites, silicates and iron oxides, and comprises reverse barite flotation using a barite collector containing the following individual reagents:  
                                           1. Petroleum sulphonate   30-40% by weight         2. Sulphosuccinate   30-40% by weight         3. Sulphosuccinamate   30-40% by weight

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] 1. Field of the Invention

[0002] The present invention relates to a process for separation of bastnaesite and other rare earth minerals from complex, weathered ores containing barite, fluorite, bastnaesite, monazite or other rare earth minerals using a flotation process. The flotation process involves reverse stage flotation of barite, followed by flotation of fluorite and at the end, bastnaesite. Each flotation stage involves the use of innovative, modification and flotation agents.

[0003] 2. Description of Prior Art

[0004] In the art, a limited number of processes are known for treatment of various ores containing bastnaesite, mainly from unaltered ores. One such process is presented in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,772,382 (September 1988), where a novel collector emulsion is used to recover bastnaesite by flotation from an ore that contains silicates and feldspar. In this case, the slurry of ground material is stage-conditioned with modifying agent and a novel collector emulsion, followed by bastnaesite flotation.

[0005] In a published paper, ‘An alternative reagent scheme for the flotation of Mountain Pass rare earth ore’ in the Proceedings of the XIV International Mineral Processing Congress (Oct. 17-23, 1982—Toronto, Canada), a commercial process was described involving flotation of bastnaesite from the associated gangue minerals of calcite (40%) barite (25%) and silica (8%), using a tall oil fatty acid as a collecting agent, and lignin sulponate+sodium fluorosilicate as a gangue depressing agent at elevated temperature. In order to enhance selectivity, the ore-water slurry is heated to a temperature of 90° C. Furthermore, the Japanese patent 55-119456(3) describes a process for froth flotation of bastnaesite from complex barite, fluorite, and rare earth ores containing bastnaesite as a rare earth mineral. According to this invention, the pulp slurry is conditioned with a sulphonate collecting agent and barite/fluorite are recovered by froth flotation ahead of bastnaesite. The resulting barite/fluorite flotation tailing is reconditioned at an elevated temperature and bastnaesite is separated by flotation from the other gangue minerals.

[0006] There are a number of references [3, 4, 5, 6, 7] to processes involving the separate flotation of barite and fluorite from barite/fluorite, barite or fluorite ores, to recover barite and fluorite in separate, marketable products. Neither the barite nor the fluorite flotation processes can be successfully applied in the beneficiation of bastnaesite ores containing barite and fluorite, especially if the ore is altered.

[0007] It has been demonstrated that separation of bastnaesite from barite and fluorite altered oxidized ore, using conventional flotation techniques, is not possible.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0008] The present invention provides a new and improved process for the recovery of bastnaesite and other minerals containing rare earth oxides from complex, weathered ores containing barite, borite, fluorites and/or barite, fluorites, silicates and iron oxides.

[0009] It is an important objective of the present invention to provide an effective collector for barite and fluorite.

[0010] It is a further important objective of the present invention to provide an effective collecting agent for bastnaesite, which is selective against silicates and iron oxides.

[0011] The aforementioned objectives, as well as others, will become apparent to those skilled in the art, from the description appearing hereinafter.

[0012] The objectives are met by a reverse sequential flotation process for recovering first barite and fluorite and then bastnaesite, not commonly used in the treatment of complex, altered bastnaesite ores containing barite, fluorite and other gangue minerals.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0013]FIG. 1: Is a schematic flow diagram showing the typical prior art beneficiation process, normally employed for the treatment of bastnaesite ore containing barite, calcite and fluorite.

[0014]FIG. 2: Is a schematic flow diagram illustrating the key embodiments of the present invention. It will be understood that these examples are merely representative and illustrative of the present inventions, whose broader scope is defined in the appended claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0015] The present invention provides a new beneficiation process, primarily for concentrating bastnaesite value from bastnaesite ores containing barite, fluorite, silicates and iron oxides. Such deposits, as an example, are found in the Pacific Region (i.e. Vietnam, China). These ores are very complex and can not be beneficiated using conventional flotation processes.

[0016] A new process has been found for the flotation-separation of barite, fluorite and bastnaesite using sequential reverse flotation and new reagent schemes. According to the new invention, the ore is ground to liberation size, where the individual minerals are free. The ore that was evaluated in developing the process for this invention was ground to about 80% passing 45 micron size, using a conventional grinding technique.

[0017] In the following step of this invention, the ground slurry (i.e. solids+water) is subjected to stage-conditioning with sodium silicate (0.5 kg/t-3 kg/t ore), and barium chloride. The sodium silicate is a gangue depressant and the barium chloride is a barite activator. These are standard reagents used in the beneficiation of barite-containing ores.

[0018] The slurry is then further conditioned with a new barite collector (SR82) which has been developed for the process of this invention. The new barite collector is an emulsion comprised of the following individual reagents: 1. Petroleum sulphonate 30-40% by weight 2. Sulphosuccinate 30-40% by weight 3. Sulphosuccinamate 20-40% by weight

[0019] The above reagents are mixed and reacted in aqueous solution at 5-20% solution strength, preferably at greater than ambient temperature, before the emulsion is added to the slurry. After conditioning, the barite is readily and selectively floated from bastnaesite and fluorite. As opposed to a conventional collector, the new collector emulsion is highly selective towards bastnaesite and fluorite, so that a high grade barite (95-98% BaSO₄), is produced at high recovery over 90%.

[0020] The resulting barite flotation tailing is then subjected to a desliming stage. This is a commercially-available process where ultrafine particles, primarily containing bastnaesite, are separated from the coarser particles. More than 95% of the particles in the fine fraction are less than 6 μm in size.

[0021] The deslimed slurry is then stage-conditioned with conventional depressants and modifiers normally used in the beneficiation of fluorite containing ores. Such reagents used in this invention are sodium silicate (Na₂SiO₃), sodiumbisulphide (Na₂S₂O₄), sodium fluorite (NaF) and starch.

[0022] Following conditioning, fluorite is floated with a new collector that has been found to be particularly well suited to the treatment of complex ore types that are the subject of this invention. The new fluorite collector, AV-F2, is a reaction product of ethylene tetra amine and oleic acid, where a condensate of oleic acid with the general formula:

[0023] is produced. This new chemical product is further reacted with alkyl ether phosphate to produce a new, highly effective fluorite collector. The ratio of the amine oleic acid to alkyl ether phosphate is 70% to 30%. Other ratios can also be used, and this needs to be optimized based on the type and characteristics of the ore used. It has been found that the advantage of this new collector, as compared to conventional fluorite collectors, is that selectivity between bastnaesite and fluorite is significantly improved. It has been found that the new fluorite collector represents an extremely effective collector for the flotation of fluorite from complex ores. It has also been found that removal of fluorite is essential for the successful subsequent flotation of bastnaesite.

[0024] The third and final step of the new process is the recovery of bastnaesite. The bastnaesite in the flotation feed is upgraded threefold during reverse flotation of barite and the fluorite. For example, the bead assay of the ore treated in the development of this new invention is about 8% REO. The feed to bastnaesite flotation, after barite and fluorite flotation, is 24-26% REO.

[0025] For the flotation of bastnaesite, standard regulating agents (modifiers and depressants) are used. Following conditioning, bastnaesite is floated with a new collector that has been found to be particularly well suited to the treatment of complex ore types that are the subject of this invention. The new collector comprises a mixture of aminated tall oil fatty acid and sarcosine, which is then treated with an amine. This flotation agent, collector AGW, consists of the following ratios of individual reagents: a) tall oil fatty acid (aminated) 60-70% by weight b) sarcosine-type of collector 20-30% by weight c) secondary amine 10% by weight

[0026] The amination of the tall oil fatty acid is usually carried out with primary amines. This new collector gives (a) increased selectivity of bastnaesite against iron oxides and silicates, and (b) improved recovery of bastnaesite.

[0027] The following examples will demonstrate the effectiveness of the new process for beneficiation of complex bastnaesite ore, based on the present invention. Examples 1 to 3 demonstrate results obtained using the prior-art, a conventional process normally used to treat similar ores containing bastnaesite.

EXAMPLES Example 1

[0028] An ore assaying 59% BaSO₄, 5.0% CaF₂ and 5% REO was ground to 150 mesh nominal size, and then slurried to 45% solids. The slurry was heated while stage conditioning with the following reagents: Na₂CO₃ 4000 g/t Lignin Sulphonate 4000 g/t Na₂SiF₆ 1000 g/t Collector MRK  200 g/t

[0029] The heating temperature was 80° C. and the conditioning time was 20 minutes. Collector MRK was the fatty acid collector. The conditioned pulp was subjected to bastnaesite flotation for 8 minutes, followed by 3 cleaning stages. The metallurgical results obtained are shown in Table 1. It can be seen that very little selectivity was achieved between barite, fluorite and bastnaesite. In fact, a bulk concentrate was produced. TABLE 1 Metallurgical Results Weight Assays % % Distribution Product % BaSO₄ CaF₂ REO BaSO₄ CaF₂ REO REO 3^(rd) Cleaner Conc 33.63 38.6 6.50 6.76 21.2 49.1 45.4 REO 1^(st) Cleaner Conc 62.06 54.2 5.82 5.96 54.9 81.1 73.9 REO Rougher Conc 87.80 58.6 5.03 5.58 84.2 99.4 98.0 REO Rougher Tail 12.11 80.0 0.21 0.81 15.8 0.6 2.0 Head (Calculated) 100.00 58.9 5.03 5.00 100.0 100.0 100.0

Example 2

[0030] A bastnaesite ore assaying 55.9% BaSO₄, 2.06% CaF₂ and 12.8% REO was treated the same way as the ore from Example 1, but with higher additions of the depressants, Na₂SiF₆ and lignin sulphonate. The reagent additions were as follows: Na₂CO₃ 4000 g/t Lignin Sulphonate 5000 g/t Na₂SiF₆ 1500 g/t Collector MRK  200 g/t

[0031] The metallurgical results obtained are shown in Table 2. Although bastnaesite concentrate grade improved, the metallurgical results were poor. TABLE 2 Metallurgical Results Weight Assays % % Distribution Product % BaSO₄ CaF₂ REO BaSO₄ CaF₂ REO REO 3^(rd) Cleaner Conc 14.65 34.2 5.16 28.9 9.0 36.7 32.9 REO 1^(st) Cleaner Conc 54.32 60.2 3.12 14.7 58.5 82.4 62.1 REO Rougher Conc 81.54 58.1 2.43 13.8 84.7 96.2 87.5 REO Rougher Tail 18.46 46.3 0.42 8.73 15.3 3.8 12.5 Head (Calculated) 100.00 55.9 2.96 12.9 100.0 100.0 100.0

[0032] In Examples 1 and 2, a conventional treatment process was used which is normally employed in beneficiation of similar ores. It was therefore, demonstrated that a conventional (prior art) process can not be successfully used for treatment of this type of ore.

Examples 3 and 4

[0033] In Examples 3 and 4, barite was recovered by reverse flotation, ahead of fluorite and bastnaesite, using a standard sulphonate/fatty acid collector (Example 3) and the new barite collector (SR82) from this invention (Example 4). In both examples, the ore was ground to 150 mesh and stage conditioned with the following reagents: Example 3 Example 4 Na₂SiO₃ 2500 g/t 2500 g/t BaCl₂  500 g/t  500 g/t Fatty acid/sulphonate  600 g/t — SR82 —  600 g/t

[0034] The metallurgical results obtained are shown in Table 3 (Example 3) and Table 4 (Example 4). TABLE 3 Metallurgical Results Weight Assays % % Distribution Product % BaSO₄ CaF₂ REO BaSO₄ CaF₂ REO BaSO₄ Cleaner Conc 62.61 85.0 3.3 4.8 89.0 39.0 36.6 BaSO₄ Rougher Conc 68.77 80.1 3.8 5.2 92.0 49.3 43.6 BaSO₄ Rougher Tail 31.23 15.3 8.6 14.8 8.0 50.7 56.4 Head (Calculated) 100.00 59.8 5.3 8.20 100.0 100.00 100.0

[0035] TABLE 4 Metallurgical Results Weight Assays % % Distribution Product % BaSO₄ CaF₂ REO BaSO₄ CaF₂ REO BaSO₄ Cleaner Conc 56.90 98.5 0.1 0.6 95.0 1.1 4.2 BaSO₄ Rougher Conc 58.19 97.6 0.2 0.8 96.1 2.2 5.8 BaSO₄ Rougher Tail 41.81 5.52 12.2 18.1 3.9 97.8 94.2 Head (Calculated) 100.00 59.1 5.20 8.05 100.0 100.0 100.0

[0036] Collector SR82 gave superior barite recovery and selectivity over the standard collector. By removing barite selectively from fluorite and bastnaesite, the bastnaesite was upgraded from 8% REO to 18% REO.

Example 5

[0037] Further experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of the new fluorite collector. The same ore used in Examples 3 and 4 was first treated to recover barite using the new collector SR82, in the same manner as for Example 4. A fluorite flotation stage was then added, to remove fluorite from the barite tailing. In Example 5, the conventional reagents were used: Barite Circuit Fluorite Circuit Na₂SiO₃ 2500 g/t 2000 g/t BaCl₂  500 g/t — SR82  600 g/t — Al₂(SO₄)₃ —  800 g/t NaF₂ —  400 g/t Na₂S₂O₄ —  400 g/t Oleic Acid —  350 g/t

[0038] The depressants, modifiers and collectors used in the fluorite circuit were conventional reagents, normally used in flotation concentration of fluorite from similar ores. The metallurgical results are shown in Table 5. TABLE 5 Metallurgical Results Weight Assays % % Distribution Product % BaSO₄ CaF₂ REO BaSO₄ CaF₂ REO BaSO₄ Cleaner Conc 68.65 97.9 0.1 0.7 96.5 1.1 5.0 CaF₂ 3^(rd) Cleaner Conc 9.59 10.1 36.6 20.2 1.6 65.0 23.6 CaF₂ 2^(nd) Cleaner Conc 12.73 10.9 30.2 21.3 2.3 71.2 33.0 CaF₂ Tail (REO Flot'n 28.62 2.42 5.22 17.8 1.2 27.7 62.0 Feed) Head (Calculated) 100.00 59.5 5.40 8.22 100.0 100.0 100.0

[0039] It is clear from this example that the conventional fatty acid collector used for flotation of fluorite, is also a good collector for bastnaesite, and therefore appreciable amounts of bastnaesite would be lost to the fluorite concentrate.

Example 6

[0040] The same ore that was used in Examples 3, 4 and 5 was also used in Examle 6. The ore was first treated with the new barite collector SR82, and then with the new fluorite collector AKF2, using the same sequence of reagent additions as for Example 5. The levels and point of reagent additions were as follows: Barite Circuit Fluorite Circuit Na₂SiO₃ 2500 g/t 2000 g/t BaCl₂  500 g/t — SR82  600 g/t — Al₂(SO₄)₃ —  800 g/t NaF —  400 g/t Na₂S₂O₄ —  400 g/t AKF2 —  350 g/t

[0041] The metallurgical results obtained are shown in Table 6. TABLE 6 Metallurgical Results Weight Assays % % Distribution Product % BaSO₄ CaF₂ REO BaSO₄ CaF₂ REO BaSO₄ Cleaner Conc 57.49 98.5 0.1 0.6 96.3 1.1 4.3 CaF₂ 3^(rd) Cleaner Conc 4.64 8.6 66.1 6.3 0.8 58.5 3.7 CaF₂ 2^(nd) Cleaner Conc 6.05 9.2 60.0 7.1 0.9 69.1 5.4 CaF₂ Tail (REO Flot'n 36.46 4.44 4.29 19.8 2.8 29.8 90.3 Feed) Head (Calculated) 100.00 58.8 5.25 7.98 100.0 100.0 100.0

[0042] These results clearly showed the effectiveness of the new collector (AKF2) in maintaining a high degree of selectivity between CaF₂ and bastnaesite.

Example 7

[0043] In this example, the complete process of this invention, as per the flowsheet shown in FIG. 2, was tested. The barite and fluorite circuit was run as per Example 6, and the bastnaesite flotation was conducted using the process of this invention.

[0044] The ore for Example 7 was treated for sequential BaSO₄—CaF₂ flotation, in the same manner as Example 6, using the reagents from the invention. The fluorite tailings and slimes were combined and thickened using a conventional dewatering technique, and stage-conditioned at elevated temperatures. This was followed by bastnaesite flotation and upgrading in three cleaning stages using the new bastnaesite collector AGW. The reagents used and their addition points are as follows: Amount Stage Na₂CO₃ 4000 g/t Conditioner 1 Citric Acid 1000 g/t Conditioner 1 Quebracho/Lignin Sulphonate 1000 g/t Conditioner 2 Collector AGW  700 g/t Conditioner 2

[0045] The metallurgical results are shown in Table 7. TABLE 7 Metallurgical Results Weight Assays % % Distribution Product % BaSO₄ CaF₂ REO BaSO₄ CaF₂ REO BaSO₄ Cleaner Conc 65.43 99.6 0.5 1.1 96.2 6.1 9.8 CaF₂ Cleaner Conc 8.09 9.4 45.5 5.65 1.1 68.2 6.2 REO Cleaner Conc 11.30 13.7 8.6 39.0 2.3 18.0 60.0 REO Rougher Conc 16.83 10.0 7.50 33.0 2.5 23.3 75.6 REO Rougher Tail 9.65 1.37 1.34 6.44 0.2 2.4 8.4 Head (Calculated) 100.00 67.8 5.40 7.35 100.0 100.0 100.0

[0046] By comparing the results from Examples 2 and 7, it can be seen that the new process from the invention gave superior results to those obtained using a conventional process.

Examples 8 to 11

[0047] In these examples, flotation experiments were conducted on various types of altered barite/fluorite/bastnaesite ores. The reagent additions were the same as those from Example 6 and Example 7, as indicated below: BaSO₄ Circuit NaF₂ Circuit REO Circuit Na₂SiO₃ 2500 g/t  2000 g/t  — BaCl₂ 500 g/t — — SR82 (collector) 600 g/t — — Al₂(SO₄)₃ — 800 g/t — NaF — 400 g/t — Na₂S₂O₄ — 400 g/t — AKF2 (collector) — 350 g/t — Na₂CO₃ — — 4000 g/t Citric Acid — — 1000 g/t Quebracho/Lignin — — 1000 g/t Sulphonate AGW (collector) — —  700 g/t

[0048] Table 8 summarizes the results obtained on various ore types with the reagents and process of this invention.

[0049] It can be seen that the process of this invention can be applied to a variety of ore types with satisfactory results. Therefore, the new process is superior to the conventional process used for treatment of barite, fluorite, bastnaesite complex ores. Moreover, the collectors developed for flotation of barite and fluorite can be successfully used for treatment of barite and/or mixed barite/fluorite ores. These collectors are superior to those commercially available for treatment of these ores. TABLE 8 Metallurgical Results Ore Wt Assays % % Distribution Example Type Product % BaSO₄ CaF₂ REO BaSO₄ CaF₂ REO 8 A BaSO₄ Cl Conc 66.01 98.0 0.5 1.1 94.8 7.1 9.7 CaF₂ Cl Conc 6.43 12.8 45.5 6.1 1.2 65.1 5.2 REO Cl Conc 11.71 17.2 7.53 38.9 2.9 19.6 61.0 REO Ro Conc 15.61 15.3 6.91 33.5 3.5 24.5 70.1 REO Ro Tail 11.95 2.68 1.36 9.39 0.5 3.6 15.0 Head (Calc) 100.00 68.2 4.50 7.47 100.0 100.0 100.0 9 B BaSO₄ Cl Conc 31.33 99.0 0.5 0.7 85.0 0.8 0.9 CaF₂ Cl Conc 14.78 6.5 85.6 3.01 2.4 66.0 1.8 REO Cl Conc 34.74 11.5 15.0 52.0 11.0 27.1 73.0 REO Ro Conc 46.56 9.70 13.0 46.5 12.2 32.5 87.5 REO Ro Tail 7.33 2.07 4.33 33.1 0.4 0.7 9.8 Head (Calc) 100.00 36.5 19.2 24.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 10 C BaSO₄ Cl Conc 24.68 94.5 1.67 1.84 90.5 1.5 2.7 CaF₂ Cl Conc 24.01 1.12 86.2 5.90 1.0 75.0 8.4 REO Cl Conc 33.11 3.62 15.7 38.0 4.6 18.8 74.5 REO Ro Conc 44.44 4.23 13.7 30.6 7.3 22.1 80.2 REO Ro Tail 6.87 4.46 5.79 20.7 1.2 1.4 8.7 Head (Calc) 100.00 25.8 27.6 16.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 11 D BaSO₄ Cl Conc 65.95 98.9 0.50 0.64 94.3 27.5 5.0 CaF₂ Cl Conc 0.90 33.3 40.5 2.2 0.4 30.5 0.2 REO Cl Conc 14.39 20.2 0.73 38.1 4.2 8.7 65.3 REO Ro Conc 16.20 19.3 0.97 35.4 4.5 13.1 68.3 REO Ro Tail 16.95 3.01 2.05 13.1 0.8 28.9 26.5 Head (Calc) 100.00 69.2 1.20 8.40 100.0 100.0 100.0 

I claim:
 1. A process for beneficiation of complex bastnaesite ores containing barite, fluorite, silicates, calcite and iron oxides.
 2. A method of separation of bastnaesite as the main mineral from ores containing barite and fluorite, using reverse flotation of barite and fluorite, followed by flotation of bastnaesite.
 3. The process of claims 1 and 2, which is comprised as the first step, of reverse barite flotation using a new specific barite collector containing the following individual reagents:
 1. Petroleum sulphonate 30-40% by weight
 2. Sulphosuccinate 30-40% by weight
 3. Sulphosuccinamate 20-40% by weight


4. The new barite collector that is highly selective against fluorite, calcite, REO, silicates and iron oxides. The new collector, as opposed to a conventional collector, is not sensitive to the presence of ultrafine slimes, and the removal of such slimes before BaSO₄ flotation is not required.
 5. The process of claim 3, which can be used for beneficiation of other barite, fluorite ores.
 6. The process of claims 1 and 2, which is comprised of sequential reverse barite-fluorite-REO flotation where, in the fluorite flotation stage, a new specific fluorite collector is used, containing the product of the reaction of oleic acid and ethylene tetra amine treated with alkyl ether phosphate.
 7. The process of claim 6 where the reaction of oleic acid and an amine can be performed with alternative primary amines, rather than ethylene tetra amine.
 8. The process of claim 6 for the treatment of alternative ores containing fluorite, such as complex fluorite ores containing calcite, dolomite, or barite silicates.
 9. The process of claims 1 and 2 in which bastnaesite is floated from the fluorite tailing.
 10. The process of claim 9 where a specific, new bastnaesite collector is employed. This collector consists of the following reagents: A. Aminated tall oil fatty acid 60-70% by weight B. Sarcosine 20-30% by weight C. Secondary amine 10% by weight


11. The process of claims 9 and 10, where the amination reaction of tall oil and amine (A) can be performed with either primary or secondary amines.
 12. The process of claims 9 and 10, where other rare earth oxides can be recovered using the same process. 